Which of the following describes the alternating episodes of bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is characterized by distinct episodes of mood changes that include manic, hypomanic, and depressive episodes. Manic episodes are marked by an excessively elevated mood, increased energy, and often impulsive behavior, while hypomanic episodes are similar but less severe. Depressive episodes bring about feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities once enjoyed.

This comprehensive approach to mood states distinguishes bipolar disorder from other mood disorders, as it captures the full spectrum of emotional extremes an individual may experience. The presence of both manic/hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes clearly defines the alternating nature of this condition, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning. Thus, the inclusion of all three types of episodes—mania, hypomania, and depression—accurately reflects the complexity of bipolar disorder.